Why Boycott Israel?*
Omar Barghouti**

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"The most peculiar dimension in the popular and academic Israeli
discourses on the creation of the state is substituting the concept
of "independence" for colonization and birth for destruction.
Even committed "leftists" often grieve over the loss of Israel's
 "moral superiority" after occupying the West Bank and Gaza in 1967,
as if prior to that Israel were as civil,
legitimate and law-abiding as Finland!"

"Military colonization of the West Bank and Gaza Strip since 1967,
with all what it entails in land expropriations, house demolitions,
indiscriminate killings, and, most ominously, the colonial wall -
- declared illegal by the International Court of Justice (ICJ)in July
of this year - which serves to facilitate Israel's unremitting
land grab and gradual ethnic cleansing of Palestinians."

"Israeli universities -- all government controlled -- have not only been complicit in planning,

maintaining and furnishing the justification for various aspects of the occupation,
but have also directly participated in acts of colonization."

"Where is the world? Is it dead?"

exclaimed the bereaved mother in Rafah on Al-Jazeera.
Before her, lied the lifeless body of her little child.

Faced with overwhelming Israeli oppression, Palestinians
under occupation, in refugee camps and in the heart of Israel's distinct form of apartheid have increasingly reached out to the world for understanding, for compassion, and, more importantly, for solidarity.

Palestinians do not beg for sympathy. We deeply resent patronization, for we are no longer a nation of hapless victims.
We are resisting racial and colonial oppression, aspiring
to attain justice and genuine peace. Above all, we are struggling for the universal principle of equal humanity.

But we cannot do it alone. We need international support.

The question of Palestine was created by the world - mostly the western part of it -- and it is the world that must rise to its moral responsibility to resolve it.

The renowned French philosopher Etienne Balibar captures
this exceptional feature saying that the Palestinian cause
is a "universal" one because "it is a test for the recognition of right, and the implementation of international law."[1] Indeed, in few other causes in modern history has the fundamental primacy of the rule of law and moral principles been put to such a fatal challenge.

Given its uncontested military superiority, the unquestioning and  all-embracing support it enjoys from the world's only empire  and the lack of political will by Arab and European states to hold it in check, Israel has been gravely violating international law, with audacious impunity, showing little if any consideration
for the UN or world public opinion.  Only consistent, systematic and broad international pressures can help end Israel's oppression and injustice, through ascertaining its status as a pariah state.

This article focuses on the ethical dimension of boycott, a tactic which I regard not only as a justified form of international intervention, but an imperative one as well. More specifically, academic and cultural boycott is examined, due to its evidently controversial nature.

The Palestinian call for academic and cultural boycott of Israel[2] is specifically premised upon Israel's systematic and ongoing oppression of the Palestinian people which takes three basic forms:

First:
Israel's rejection of the Palestinian refugees' right of return
to their lands and properties, as stipulated in international law, and denying any responsibility for the Nakba-the massive dispossession and ethnic cleansing campaign carried out by Zionists around 1948, transforming close to 800,000 Palestinians into refugees.

A virtual consensus exists among Israelis, including academics and other intellectuals, on rejecting the legally and morally binding rights of Palestinian refugees.[3]

The most peculiar dimension in the popular and academic Israeli discourses on the creation of the state is substituting the concept of "independence" for colonization and birth for destruction.
Even committed "leftists" often grieve over the loss of Israel's  "moral superiority" after occupying the West Bank and Gaza in 1967, as if prior  to that Israel were as civil, legitimate and law-abiding as Finland!

Ironically, while stubbornly rejecting Palestinian refugee rights, Israeli academics have played a central role in the massive campaigns demanding, and often winning, restitution, repatriation and compensation rights for Jewish refugees of the World War II era.

Second:
the Military colonization of the West Bank and Gaza Strip since 1967, with all what it entails in land expropriations, house demolitions, indiscriminate killings, and, most ominously, the colonial wall - declared illegal by the International Court of Justice (ICJ)in July  of this year - which serves to facilitate Israel's unremitting  land grab and gradual ethnic cleansing of Palestinians.[4]

 Israeli universities -all government controlled-  have not only been complicit in planning, maintaining and furnishing the justification for various aspects of the occupation, but have also directly participated in acts of colonization. Besides the voluminous record of individual acts of collusion by Israeli academics, the academic institutions themselves have never refrained from committing colonial crimes themselves. 

 The Hebrew University has been slowly but consistently expropriating  lands and expelling their Palestinian owners in occupied East Jerusalem.

 Tel Aviv University (TAU) refuses to date to acknowledge the fact that it sits on top of an ethnically cleansed Palestinian village.[5]

Some of TAU's departments are also organically linked
to the military and intelligence establishment.

Bar Ilan University not only operates a campus on the illegal colony of Ariel near Nablus, but has also awarded Ariel Sharon an honorary doctorate for his role in the March 2002 reoccupation of Palestinian cities, which witnessed atrocities in Jenin and Nablus as well as wanton destruction and indiscriminate killings in all the major Palestinian cities and refugee camps in the West bank.

Ben Gurion University has supported in various ways the slow ethnic cleansing of the Palestinian Bedouins in the Negev or has witnessed in condemning silence the decades-old policy of racial discrimination prevailing there. In one glaring example, its scholars conducted  from 1995 to 2000 a confidential study[6] commissioned by the Health Ministry on the high incidence rate of severe birth defects and cancer among Palestinian Bedouins living near a polluting Israeli industrial site. Although the researchers established a clear correlation  between the industrial pollutants and the mortality rate  of the Palestinian citizens in the area -- "65% higher than among equivalent communities in Israel" -- as well as their cancer rate - "double the national average" -- the findings were kept secret in accordance with the academics' agreement with the ministry. It was only recently leaked to the press, by chance.

Haifa University boasts one of the most racist academics in Israel:
 Prof. Arnon Sofer, the infamous "prophet of the Arab demographic threat," who relentlessly and influentially provides academic justification  for ethnically cleansing Palestinians -- including citizens of Israel - in innovative shapes and forms.[7] Moreover, the University has itself  sponsored a wide campaign attempting to cover up a Zionist massacre in the Palestinian village of Tantura, near Haifa, during the Nakba,and went through motions to fire, discredit or silence Prof. Ilan Pappe and one of his students for daring to reveal the facts about this massacre.

It is perhaps common knowledge now that the Palestinians
have suffered grave human losses due to Israel's 37-year-old occupation.
But what seems to escape the mainstream opinion makers is that during  the current intifada, the Israeli army has crossed many of its former  red lines, committing crimes that are reminiscent in form - though certainly not in scale - of Nazi crimes against European Jews,  as British MP Oona King had once stated.[8]And the Israeli army accurately represents and is supported by Israeli society at large, mainly due to the fact that the IDF is still,relatively speaking,a people's army.[9]

From forcing a Palestinian violinist to play at a military roadblock near Nablus [10], to executing a 13-year-old refugee girl in Rafah in cold blood,[11] to engraving the Star of David on the arms of teenage Palestinian boys, to inscribing ID numbers on the foreheads and forearms of Palestinians, young and old,[12] Israel has acted with nauseating criminality and shocking impunity.

Despite all this, Israeli academics and intellectuals who have explicitly called for an end to the occupation have remained in a depressingly tiny minority. Moreover, no Israeli academic body or professional union has to date publicly called for an end to occupation and the other forms of Israeli oppression. If this does not define complicity, what does?

Third:
The third form of Israeli oppression is hardly ever mentioned in the western media or in academia: the system of racial discriminationagainst Palestinian-Arabs[13] who are officially "citizens" of Israel, a state which categorically precludes them from its self-definition and severely punishes them when they eventually shout "j'accuse!". The entire state apparatus, including the education system, is designed to keep Palestinian-Arab citizens of Israel disempowered, largely dispossessed and lacking equal status in the laws and practices of the state. Moreover, despite being the natives, the indigenous population of the land, or perhaps because of it, they are increasingly being viewed by the Israeli Jewish settler majority as unwanted, or, worse, as a demographic threat that ought to be dealt with, resolutely.

Polls have steadily shown that a solid majority of two thirds
of all Israeli Jews supports "encouraging the Arabs to leave"  by various means.[14]

In every vital aspect of life, from land ownership to access to higher education and jobs, Israel has for been practicing its own form of apartheid for 56 years.

Of all the areas of racial discrimination, education stands out.
A ground-breaking Human Rights Watch study published in 2001 concludes:

 "The hurdles Palestinian Arab students face from kindergarten  to university function like a series of sieves with sequentially  finer holes. At each stage, the education system filters out   a higher proportion of Palestinian Arab students than Jewish students.  And Israel's courts have yet to use laws or more general principles  of equality to protect Palestinian Arab children
 from discrimination in education." [15]

Despite the above, I agree with those who argue that Israel
is not identical to South Africa; that it is more complex,
more multi-dimensional and even more sinister, in some respect.
But, no matter how we define Israel, the fundamental
and undisputed existence in it of a system of racial discrimination  based on religious/ethnic identity is what motivates calls  for South Africa-like sanctions against Israel.  "Apartheid," "Zionist settler-colonialism," "Jewish  supremacy,"..etc. are all variations on the name of the ailment.  What matters is how best to cure it. Taking into consideration all 3 dimensions of Israel's oppression mentioned above, it can be concluded that a sufficient family resemblance between Israel and South Africa exists to grant advocating South Africa style remedies.

Main Arguments Against Boycott I Some distinguished supporters of the Palestinian cause [16] have argued against applying South-Africa style sanctions and boycotts  to Israel for various reasons, most significant of which are:

(A) The Holocaust's memory makes calls for boycotting Israel widely detested and prohibitively unpopular.

(B) Israel is essentially a democratic country with a vibrant civil society, and therefore it can be convinced to end its oppression without sanctions.

(C) Unlike in South Africa during apartheid, the majority in Israel is opposed to sanctions.

(D) Israeli academics are largely progressive and at the vanguard of the peace movement,and therefore they must be supported not boycotted.

Counter Arguments I

(A) As Etienne Balibar says, "Israel should not be allowed to
instrumentalize the genocide of European Jews to put [itself] above  the law of nations."[17] Beyond that, by turning a blind eye  to Israel's oppression,as the U.S. and most of official Europe often do, the west has in fact perpetuated the misery, the human suffering and the injustice that have ensued since the Holocaust. Only the oppressed are different now; they are "the victims of the victims," as Edward Said said.

As for the unpopularity argument, recent breakthroughs in the positions of the US Presbyterian church, the Anglican church and some progressive Jewish-American organizations -- not to mention the fast spreading  grassroots boycott movement in Europe -- indicate that there is an encouragingly growing acceptance of the need to boycott Israel  in western countries.Those who were active in the anti-apartheid movement  in South Africa often remind us that also they faced what seemed like insurmountable hurdles when they first started in the late 1950's.

(B) How can an ethno-religious supremacy that is also a colonial power ever qualify as a democracy? Israel may be a democracy for its Jewish citizens, but it is an apartheid for its Palestinian citizens, as argued earlier. New York University professor Tony Judt, for instance, calls Israel a "dysfunctional anachronism," categorizing it among the  "belligerently intolerant, faith-driven ethno states."[18]

(C) Of all the anti-boycott arguments, this one reflects either surprising naiveté or deliberate intellectual dishonesty. Are we to judge whether to apply sanctions on a colonial power based on the opinion of the majority in the oppressors' community? Does the oppressed community count at all?

(D) This is simply a myth propagated and maintained by Israeli academics who count themselves in the "left." The vast majority of Israeli academics serves in the army's reserve forces, and therefore directly knows of and participates in the daily crimes. Moreover, with the exception of a tiny yet crucial minority, Israeli academics are largely supportive of their state's oppression or are acquiescently silent about it.

Some infamous cases are worth mentioning here for illumination:
 Israel's most celebrated philosopher, Asa Kasher, provided "ethical" justification for extra-judicial killings, even when a large number of innocent civilians are deliberately killed or injured in the process.[19] 

Israel's foremost military historian, Martin Van Creveld, of Hebrew University, advised the Israeli army in 2002 [20]-- in the Jerusalem regional weekly, March 1, 2004 -- to commit swift genocide  against the Palestinians, explaining that,  "Perhaps 5.000 or 10.000 killed won't be enough, and then we will have to kill more." He concludes by saying,  "it is better that there be one massive crime, after which  we will exit and lock the gate behind us." Like any proper peacenik,  his ultimate objective remains to "exit" the occupied territories.

Benny Morris has recently argued that completely
emptying Palestine of its indigenous Arab inhabitants in 1948  might have led to peace in the Middle East.[21]
In response, Baruch Kimmerling, professor at Hebrew University, wrote: 

 "Let me extend Benny Morris's logic .. If the Nazi programme  for the final solution of the Jewish problem had been complete,  for sure there would be peace today in Palestine."[22]

Far from being isolated examples, such explicitly racist and criminal positions are quite popular in Israel today.They are not only condoned  in universities, but highly praised, judging from the prominent stature enjoyed by Kasher, Van Creveld, Benny Morris and their ilk.

Main Arguments Against Boycott II

From a slightly different perspective, some academics have argued  that boycotting Israel is counterproductive and may lead to:

(1) Losing the ability to influence Israel's possible path to peace

(2) Radicalizing the Israeli right and pulling the rug  from under the feet of the left .

(3) Indirectly increasing the suffering of Palestinians who stand to lose financially and may even be subjected to deteriorating  conditions of oppression by a wilder, more isolated Israel. 

Counter Arguments II

(1) What influence? Europe hardly has any right now. Even in the U.S., the Israeliziation of US foreign policy, particularly vs. the middle east, has reached new depths, effectively tying the hands of any prospective American pressure aimed at curtailing, not to mention changing,  Israel's oppressive policies. On the rare occasions when Israel  did at all contemplate changing its policies, it was mainly due  to facing concerted pressures by the international community.

(2) What left? Those in Israel who officially call themselves "the left"- the Zionist left, more accurately-easily make the far-right  parties in Europe look as moral as Mother Teresa, especially when it comes to recognizing Palestinian refugees' rights.

On the other hand, the morally consistent, non-Zionist left,
is a very tiny group, whose members may inadvertently end up  losing benefits, privileges and funding as a result of boycott.
This should compel us to nuance our boycott tactics
to decrease the possibility of that unnecessarily happening.
But, we all know, this is not an exact science (if any science is).
Rather than focusing on the error margin, we must emphasize the positive impact boycott can have on the overall academic establishment in Israel. The price that some conscientious academics may pay as an unavoidable byproduct of the boycott is quite cheap when compared to the price Palestinian academics, and indeed Palestinians at large, have to pay  for the lack of boycott or any similarly effective pressures on Israel.

The most urgent type of support the international community can provide to the Palestinian academy is to adopt various forms  of boycott against Israel's academic institutions, forcing them to disengage themselves from their direct  and/or indirect collusion in their state's oppression.

This will serve not only the Palestinians, but also, in the longer term, the moral left in Israel, academics included.
Challenging the fanatic, militaristic establishment may strengthen  its grip on power in the short run -- extreme populism and the rise  of fascist tendencies in Israel today attest to that; but in the longer run it will weaken that establishment, just as in South Africa. Repression under apartheid did not die down in a smooth downwards spiral, after all.

(3) More suffocation? Even South Africa's leading human rights advocate, archbishop Desmond Tutu, horrified by the elaborate, multi-layered siege Israel has set up in the occupied Palestinian territories [23],drew many similarities between Israel and apartheid South Africa, calling for boycotts against the former similar to those applied on the latter.[24]

Some sincere advocates of Palestinian rights have argued that  boycotting Israel is a self-righteous act that ignores the pressing need  to alleviate the immediate suffering of Palestinians under occupation.

But, as I have argued elsewhere,[25] regardless of all intentions,  this type of logic is not only patronizing -- claiming to better know what's best for Palestinians -- but also based on an unconscious  premise that Palestinians have somewhat less than normal human needs.

Implied in it is the supposition that food, shelter and basic services -- which would be better served without boycott,  the argument claims -- are considered by Palestinians  to be more profound or dear than their need for freedom, justice, self-determination, dignified living and the opportunity to develop culturally, economically and socially in peace.

From an entirely different angle, some argue that, in spite of
all the above, it is still necessary for Palestinian academics
and intellectuals of all people to maintain and foster open communication channels with their Israeli counterparts, to debate, to share, to convince, to learn, to overcome the "psychological barriers"  and ultimately to reach a common vision and a common struggle for peace.

I beg to differ. Those who imagine they can wish away the conflict by suggesting some forums for rapprochement,
détente, or "dialogue" -- which they hope can lead to authentic processes of reconciliation and eventually peace - are either clinically delusional or dangerously deceptive.

First, given the financial luring and political arm-twisting
that typically come as part of the package of western "suggestions" for collaboration, the latter are more often than not perceived as right out dictates.

Second, any sincere joint projects aimed at reaching a just peace must be fundamentally based on rejection of all oppression  and recognition of equal humanity. Prior to establishing equal humanity any communication is strictly an exercise in asymmetrical negotiations between oppressor and oppressed.

Only after equality is established can such communication
rise to the level of dialogue. The mutual recognition of equal humanity is therefore a fundamental precondition for, never a consequence of dialogue.

As the late Edward Said used to say:  "Equality or nothing!"

Third, if a member of the oppressors' community theoretically accepts -- on principle -- the requirements for justice  without acting to attain them, while simultaneously enjoying  the benefits brought about by occupation, racial discrimination  and the illegal use of Palestinian refugees' properties, then he/she would still be indirectly responsible, and ethically accountable for the injustice his/her state is committing.

Reflection without action cannot suffice to exonerate a member of an oppressive group. Action is needed to translate the formal commitment into a process for change and ethical transformation.

Israelis who always ask the Palestinians for a political price to be paid in advance in return for their "noble" recognition
of a meager subset of Palestinian rights are not really
seeking justice or a moral end to the conflict. Some shamelessly seek European funds; others do it for prestige or fame; and some even participate in this typical colonial behavior as a form  of taming the Palestinian shrew, or inhibiting resistance to oppression. Striving for peace divorced from justice is as good
as institutionalizing injustice, or making the oppressed submit to the overwhelming force of the oppressor and accept inequality as fate.

Those who attempt to change the perception of the oppressed  rather than help end oppression itself are guilty of moral blindness and political short-sightedness.

Prolonging oppression is not only unethical, it is pragmatically counter-productive as well, as it perpetuates the conflict.

In conclusion, I wish to emphasize the necessity of applying
an evolving, comprehensive, institutional boycott against Israel's academic, cultural, economic and political organizations.
Without principled and effective support for this minimal,
civil, non-violent form of resistance to oppression,
or for any comparable form of struggle, intellectuals and academics will be abandoning their moral obligation to stand up for right,  for justice, for equality and for a chance to validate  the prevalence of universal ethical principles.

Endnotes:

* A shorter version of this article was presented before the
 "Resisting Israeli Apartheid" Conference at the University of London (SOAS), on December 5, 2004.

** Independent Palestinian researcher; founding member of the  PalestinianCampaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI).